Smoke from wildfires poses serious health risks
Across Europe and North America this summer, massive wildfires are burning out of control, with smoke spreading far and wide. This smoke travels long distances, crossing borders and continents, and is affecting millions of people who may live far from the actual fires. The World Health Organization has issued a warning, emphasizing that the health dangers of wildfire smoke reach far beyond the immediate area of the fire.
Wildfire smoke is made up of a mixture of harmful gases and fine particles. It can linger in the air for days or weeks, impacting communities hundreds or even thousands of miles from the source of the fire. A key concern is fine particulate matter known as PM2.5. These tiny particles can get deep into the lungs and even enter the bloodstream, leading to a range of health problems.
Vulnerable groups at higher risk
The health impacts of wildfire smoke are not felt equally by everyone. Infants and young children, whose lungs are still developing, are particularly at risk. Older adults, pregnant women, and individuals with chronic conditions such as asthma or heart disease also face serious threats. Those living in poorly insulated homes or with limited access to air filtration systems are more likely to suffer from the effects of smoke exposure. Emergency responders and people who work outdoors for long periods are also at increased risk due to their continued contact with the air.
The psychological impact of wildfires cannot be ignored either. During and after these events, people often experience stress, anxiety, and trauma. The uncertainty and disruption caused by fires can have long-term effects on mental health, especially for those who lose homes or are forced to evacuate.
Steps to reduce exposure to wildfire smoke
The WHO strongly encourages people to stay informed about air quality and to follow local authorities' guidance, even if they are not close to active fires. Dorota Jarosinska of WHO's European Centre for Environment, Climate Change and Health explained that if smoke is noticeable by smell, it is already in the air being inhaled. People in high-risk groups should take immediate action to avoid further exposure.
During periods of heavy smoke, the best course of action is to stay indoors, keeping windows and doors tightly closed, unless an evacuation is ordered. If going outside is unavoidable, using a high-quality FFP2 or N95 mask can help lower the risk of inhaling harmful particles. For those with lung or heart issues, pregnant women, or anyone experiencing breathing problems, it is crucial to seek medical advice without delay.
The WHO also highlights that dealing with the health risks of wildfires is not just about fighting the fires themselves. Communities need robust early warning systems, timely health advice, and better access to medical care and clean-air shelters for those most vulnerable. The organization is working closely with countries in the European Region to boost readiness for wildfires and heatwaves, preparing health systems for longer, more frequent, and increasingly severe fire seasons driven by climate change.